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Tiny compared to what? The United States? Russia? Of course it would be small compared to them. On the other hand, look at Luxembourg, Rwanda, Belgium, Switzerland, Ireland, and the list goes on (Ramonis 7). The point is that these "tiny" Baltic states were once the largest country in Europe - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The majority of the population of the world has never even heard of the country, but at one point in time its territory stretched from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. To understand completely about Lithuanian history is impossible. One would have to study the whole history of the world and how it reacts with this one country. This alone would take a lifetime to accomplish. So, therefore, this report contains only a minuscule overview of Baltic evolution. It scrapes the surface of the history, economy, and religion of this ancient land. A country such as Lithuania had to go through several centuries of success and hardship to evolve into the current economical, governmental, and religious condition it holds today. Lithuania will be the main focal point of this paper, but one needs to take a moment to look at the other surrounding states and how they fit into the history of Lithuania. In the year 2000 B.C. -give or take a lot- Asian settlers moved towards Europe, crossed the Black Sea, sailed up the Dnieper River and settled along the Baltic Sea. They settled in the current countries of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Byelorussia, the Ukraine, and Russia. (refer to map on page ii through iv). These are the current names of the countries, but they have had many names prior to this. All of the Balts (Balt is a word that describes the people who settled on the Baltic coast, naturally) that established settlements in current day Poland had settled in the northern most part. This zone of land was called Prussia. Prussia, Lithuania and Latvia were regions that were abundantly inhabited (for that time period) throughout the section. Lithuania was divided into two geographic regions. The region nearest the Baltic Sea was called Zemaitija, the low land, and the area furthest from the sea was called Aukstaiciai, the high land. The people in these countries called themselves Aesti and also Balts. The countries of Latvia and Estonia were, for a long time, one country, Livonia. Also, Byelorussia and the eastern part of Russia come into play in this little story, the story of the Lithuanian Kingdom. The Balts were Pagans and they believed intensely in their religion. They had shrines to all their different deities that controlled their everyday lives. It was a peaceful place and they were able to live comfortably with their religion. The problem they were soon to face was that everyone else in Europe was Christian. This problem was to be solved by the Teutonic Knights. This is the origin of the Baltic Crusade. Places (a key to the maps) The first map is a map of current-day Lithuania and its neighbors. -- Vilnius. Capital of current day Lithuania and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. --Riga. Capital of current day Latvia and the capital of Livonia. --Major Cities. Major cities played a big role in supplying the country with imports. --Klaipeda Main seaport of Lithuania. The second map is a map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. --Grand Duchy of Lithuania --Grand Duchy of Moscow --Kingdom of Poland --Prussia, home of the Teutonic Knights. --Livonia (Latvia and Estonia), home of the Knights of the Sword / Livonian Knights. People (Lithuanian Kings and Grand Dukes) King Mindaugas (1236-1263) He was Baptized in 1251 and he became the only actual "king". Grand Duke Traidenis (1270-1282) He united Lithuania and brought Poland closer by having his daughter, Sophia, marry Polish Prince Boleslaw. Grand Duke Vytenis (1295-1316) He expanded territories into Russia while he was fighting off the Knights of the Sword. Grand Duke Gediminas (1316-1341) He was the brother of Vytenis and also made his daughter,Aldona, marry Polish Prince Casimir. Grand Duke Jaunutis (1341-1345) He was dethroned by his brothers because he was an unfit Duke. Grand Duke Algirdas (1345-1377) He was one of Jaunutis' brothers that dethroned him. The other was Kestutis who controlled southern Lithuania at this time. Grand Duke Jogaila (1377-1392) He was the son of Algirdas. While he was the Grand Duke a huge battle with the Teutonic Knights and Kestutis broke out. Grand Duke Vytautas the Great (1392-1430) He was Kestutis' son and he made many contributions to the Lithuanians (That' why they call him "the great") Grand Duke Svitrigaila (1430-1432) As Algirdas' son he thought it was his right to be Grand Duke, but the other dukes did not agree. Grand Duke Zygimantas I (1432-1440) He was Vytautas' brother and helped to dethrone Svitrigaila. Grand Duke Kazimieras(Casimir) (1440-1492) He was Jogaila's second son. His son, Casimir, is Lithuania's Patron Saint. Grand Duke Aleksandras(Alexander) (1492-1506) He was the son of Kazimieras. While under his rule, Lithuania and Poland broke apart from one of their alliances. Grand Duke Zygimantas II (1506-1548) He was also a son of Kazimieras. During this time the first written code of law was published. Moscow also became a threat. Grand Duke Zygimantas Augustus III (1548-1572) He was the son of Zygimantas II (that is why he is the III). Antother Polish- Lithuanian alliance was formed King Henry Valois (1573-1574) This Frenchman was elected the King of the alliance but soon left to be the King of France. King Stephen Batory (1576-1586) This Polish-Lithuanian King invited the Jesuits to build a school in Vilnius. Czar Ivan IV started attacking the country. King Zygimantas Vaza II(1587-1632) He was related to Gediminas family. He conducted a war with Sweden for 60 years. Also, there were many religious reforms, and the Virgin Mary appeared in Siluva. King Ladislaw Vaza (1632-1648) He was King Vaza II's son. He led several successful battles against Moscow. King Jonas Kazimieras(John Casimir) (1648-1669) He was also a son of King Vaza II. In 1655 the czar burned Vilnius. While Moscow attacked, so did Sweden. King Mykolas Kaributas Visnioveckis (1669-1674) This descendant of Algirdas was faced with many problems to start with, so his reign was not successful. King John Sobieski (1674-1696) The Polish dukes elected him without consulting the Lithuanians. He was able to drive off the Turks who attacked. King Augustus II of Saxony (1697-1733) During his reign Moscow took over Sweden and Livonia. In 1706-1711there was a huge famine in Poland and Lithuania. King Augustus III (1733-1763) This election was dictated by Moscow. He had to obey the Ambassador from Moscow. King Stanislaw Poniatowski II (1764-1795) This election was also dictated by Moscow and it would be the last, for large amounts of Russian soldiers were stationed in Poland and Lithuania. This marked a new era for the Baltic nations under Russian supremacy. Royal Family Tree of the Gediminas Family The Gediminas Reign of Lithuania ____________ | | GENERATIONS SKIPPED Vytenis Gediminas ------------------| (1295-1316) (1316-1341) | | Zygimatas Vaza II _____________________________________| (1587-1632) | | | | _________|_______ Aldona Jaunutis Algirdas Kestutis | | (Married ) (1341-1345) (1345-1377) (1382) Jonh Casimir Ladislaw Vaza (Polish Prince) | | (1648-1669) (1632-1648) (Casimir) ____________________|_______ |_________________________ | | | | | | | Skirgaila Kaributas Svitrigaila Jogaila Vytautas Zygimantas Danute (temporary for ) (Never a ) (1430-1432)(1377-1392)(1392-1430)(1432-1440) (Married) (Jogaila) (Grand Duke) (also King of ) | (Grand Duke) (Duke) | (Poland) | (and King of ) (Janusz) | __________|______ | (Poland) (of Masovia) | | | Sophia | Wladyslaw Casimir (Married Duke Vasilii of ) GENERATIONS| (King of Poland) (1440-1492) (Moscow) SKIPPED | __________________|_______________________ | | | | | | | John St. Casimir Aleksandras Ladislaw ZygimantasII | (King of Poland) (1492-1506)(King of )(1506-1548) Mykolas (Hungary) | Kaributas Zygimantas Visnioveckis Augustus III (1669-1674) (1548-1572) The history of Lithuania is obscured by the fact that accurate records were not kept or have deteriorated over time. Baltic records of history start to document in about the year 1000 A.D. Through these sources historians have been able to trace the leaders of the land, track wars that have occurred, and determine the everyday life of a person a thousand years ago. One of the items documented is religion. This fact was the basis for the start of a new country. The Baltic settlers developed a pagan religion with many gods and goddesses that dominated everything from the water to marriage, unlike the Chrisitans which had one God control everything. Like most ancient religions, the deities controlled special, naturally-occurring phenomenons not explained at the time. The religion continued and flourished without much opposition. They remained pagans for many, many years until the late 1100'sA.D. That is when the difficulty originated. All the countries in Europe, excluding the Baltic states, had previously converted to Christianity. This, of course, created a slight problem. Differing religions usually cause conflicts amongst races, such as in this case. The mission of the Teutonic Knights was to convert all people to Christianity (by any means possible). In fact, throughout pre twentieth century history, the most common cause for war and fighting is religion. That is what the Teutonic Knights did here and they could have demolished the country if it hadn't been for a man named Mindaugas. First, the Teutonic Knights established themselves in Prussia and drove northward into Livonia. It was not that difficult to transform the Livonians to the Christian faith, but Lithuania was another thing. It is not that the Livonians were "push-overs" or anything like that. They fought several battles, but, compared to the Lithuanian crusade, it was relatively easy. The Livonians arranged a branch of the Teutonic Knights in Livonia. They were titled the Knights of the Sword (Livonian Knights) (Koncius 5). These two combined would spend hundreds of years fighting the Lithuanians to make them convert to Christianity. In 1202, the first attack by the Knights of the Sword (Livonian Knights) on Lithuania occurred (Koncius 11). They were followed by the Teutonic Knights in 1230. Mindaugas promised to be baptized if the Knights would stop the aggression. They agreed, only if his people would grant them the Zemaitija area in return. In 1251, Mindaugas, his wife Martha, and his two sons, Ruklys and Rupeikis, were all baptized (Koncius 8). In 1252, Mindaugas was crowned the King of Lithuania (NB: The only actual "King" of Lithuania). He was an able military leader and annexed parts of Russia while on the throne. The parts he annexed had previously been conquered by the Tartars. It was not conquered as in obtained through battle, but conquered in the way the occupant's whole lives were under the control of the Tartars. The people in those districts were glad with control by Lithuania, because life under Tatar rule was seriously severe. The occurence of Mindaugas' death was to bring about changes in the country. In 1259, the Zemaiciai rebelled against the Teutonic Knights. Their attempt was successful and they regained their independence. They were enraged with Mindaugas (which is understandable) and in 1263, they retaliated and killed him and his family. After the death of Mindaugas, all the Lithuanian dukes gathered and elected Traidenis, the duke of Kernava, as the Grand Duke in 1270. Traidenis also expanded the boundaries of the country further into Russia and Poland. He had his daughter, Gaudimante (Sophia), marry the Polish Prince Boleslaw. This allowed him to keep Poland as a close ally. Vytenis succeeded Traidenis in 1295. During his reign he stopped the Teutonic Knight's invasion into Zemaitija (which had continued since the rebellion). The Knights had still considered this area as part of their territory, but the Zemaiciai had a different opinion. The Livonian Knights were attacking, as well, but they were defeated by Vytenis in 1298. Vytenis was an active leader up until his death in 1316. Next, Gediminas followed Vytenis in the Reign of Lithuania. Gediminas was the brother of Vytenis and his family would be in control of Lithuania for almost the entire time it would remain free. He called himself "Rex Lithuanorum et Multorum Ruthenorum" (The King of Lithuanians and of many Ruthenians) (Koncius 13). Ruthenia is the regions of Vitebsk, Smolensk, Minsk, and Grodno, (mainly the Ukraine) (Koncius 13). He wedded his daughter to the Polish Prince Casimir. Throughout the history of this state, several weddings commenced between Poland and Lithuania. This was part of an agreement that would cement an alliance with Poland. King Ladislaw and Grand Duke Gediminas worked well jointly and had successful and lengthy reigns. Also, Gediminas was a virtuous military leader, as well. He halted the Teutonic Knight invasions, temporarily. He also extended the territories of Lithuania to Podolsk, Pskov, and Tver. To add to that, Gediminas was the founder of Vilnius as the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There is a legend describing how he discovered the area to build the city. The legend states that Gediminas and some of his dukes were out on a hunting expedition. The group camped overnight in a divine enclosure. Gediminas had a dream about an iron wolf standing at his side. Its loud howling pierced the night sky. He had the dream interpreted and it meant he was to build a city there (Koncius 13). So, who was he to ignore his dream? He built the city and made it his capital. It has remained the capital of Lithuania since. (Except a very temporary stay at Kaunas). Gediminas was a wise leader because he promoted trade and freedom of religion throughout all of Lithuania. With the constant wars being fought, Lithuania would need to sustain itself through imports from other countries. Gediminas' reign finally ended in 1341. The reign of Jaunutis came after Gediminas' reign. Gediminas had appointed Jaunutis, his son, as the new Grand Duke before his death in 1341. His other sons were envious and jealous. In 1345, Jaunutis' brothers, Algirdas and Kestutis, dethroned him and said he was an "unfit" King and could not serve his nation (Koncius 15). In the four short years of his rule, Jaunutis accomplished very little. Algirdas and Kestutis schemed to rule Lithuania jointly. They divided the country in two. Algirdas was the Grand Duke of the eastern and northern provinces, and Kestutis controlled the southern and western ones. Algirdas was power-hungry, as shown through the way he got the throne, but that was a good thing (for Lithuania). During his reign he annexed the cities of Kiev, Chernigov, Biansk, and Podolsk. He even attacked Moscow, at one point in time. He did not succeed in conquering it, but he did sign a treaty with Moscow bringing peace to the two countries. Algirdas was a Pagan follower. He married twice during his reign, both times to predominantly orthodox women. Even this did not make him convert to Christianity. In fact, three Pontiffs asked him to convert, but he refused saying he would never do it for what the Teutonic Knights had done to his country (Koncius 17). Meanwhile, Kestutis was ruling the western half of Lithuania. His half of the country was battling the Teutonic Knights, still. In 1361, he was captured and taken to the Knight's city of Marienburg (Koncius 17). With some help, he soon escaped. This enraged the Teutons which made them attack Lithuania in 1362. In this attack they captured the Kaunas area. Kestutis was not going to let them get away with this. In 1365, he destroyed three important forts of the Knights. Many battles followed between the Lithuanians and the Teutonic Knights. One of the battles occurred in the year 1372. The Teutonic Knights, the Livonian Knights, Austria, Bauaria, Poland, and Luxembourg invaded Lithuania. Three years later Masovia joined in this battle aiding the Lithuanians. While all these armies were fighting in Lithuania, Kestutis led a small detachment into Prussia and started burning key cities. In 1377, Vytautas, Kestutis' son, led a major portion of the army into Prussia and they burned everything to isrutis. It was similar to and had the same effect as Sherman's March to the Sea during the United State's Civil War. This was a major loss to the Knights, and in 1379, they signed a peace treaty which ended the battle (Koncius 20). When Algirdas died in 1377, and his son, Jogaila, took over, the Knights thought they could turn him against his uncle, Kestutis. Jogaila was against it, but they threatened him and promised to kill his family. They would leave Lithuania alone for four years if Jogaila would give them the Zemaitija region and let them attack Kestutis. The Teutonic Knights, the Livonian Knights, and Jogaila attacked Kestutis and Vytautas. They battled for a couple of years, but finally on August fifteenth of 1382, Kestutis was killed and Vytautas captured. In prison, Vytautas grew steadily weaker. His condition grew so bad they let his wife and her maid come to see him. While they were there he devised a plan to escape. Quickly, he and the maid switched clothes. The maid remained behind in place of Vytautas while he left beside his wife. When the guards discovered this they had the maid put to death instantly (Koncius 26). Vytautas knew the Knights would be after him again soon, so he sent a correspondence that he wanted to ally with the Teutons. The Teutonic Knights were pleased with the news and told him he would have to be baptized. He did get baptized on October twenty-first of 1383 (Koncius 28). He constructed a plan to return to Lithuania and prove to his cousin that he, Vytautas, was indeed a noble man. He called all of the important Teutonic Knights together for a banquet to celebrate his baptism. Halfway through the meal, he took all of them hostage and fled back to Lithuania (Koncius 30). At that same time, Jogaila married Queen Hedwig of Poland. He would be King of Poland, but only one thing stood in his way. Poland was a kingdom which meant he could only be king if he were Christian. On February fifteenth of 1386, Jogaila was baptized into Christianity. That following March he was crowned King of Poland. Jogaila had complete control now. Furthermore, Vytautas' daughter, Sophia, was also to wed soon and this would start a corruption in the government. She was to marry Prince Vasilii of Moscow. Jogaila, who was just establishing control in Poland, did not want to form relations with Russia in fear of starting a conflict. He forbade her to marry Vasilii (Koncius 34). Vytautas ignored his command and had his daughter marry the Prince. When Jogaila heard of this he was outraged. He started dethroning dukes throughout his kingdom because he thought there was a conspiracy against him. Vytautas knew something had to be done or else the whole Lithuanian government would all fall apart. Vytautas turned to the Teutonic Knights for help. He promised if they ended the reign of Jogaila and made him Grand Duke that he would obey their commands. The Knights realized if this were to happen that their mission of converting Lithuania would be accomplished. They did not even think twice about their decision. A total of 40,000 men advanced on Lithuania (Koncius 36). Most of the soldiers were from the Teutons, England, France, Hungary, Prussia, the Livonian Knights, and some of the dukes dethroned by Jogaila and their allies (Koncius 36). In 1392, Jogaila surrendered and turned Lithuania over to Vytautas. Jogaila did remain in control of Poland, though. Everyone was joyous and celebrated this victory. Vytautas held a huge banquet and invited most of the Teutonic Knights. Halfway through the banquet he took them all hostage (Koncius 39). (Sound familiar?). Vytautas was the new Grand Duke of Lithuania. He gave the Zemaitija region to the remaining Teutonic Knights. This, along with the hostages, guaranteed him a problem-free reign of Lithuania. Unfortunately, there was a new group to reckon with now. The Tatars were growing in power and were attacking Lithuania. On August twelfth of 1399, Vytautas encountered a group of Muscovites (Russians) that outnumbered his army two to one (Koncius 43). He lost the battle but did not lose any territory to the Russians. A pact was signed, bringing temporary peace to the two groups. Also on the Russian front, Vytautas' son-in-law, Prince Vasilii, died. Vasilii's son was too young to rule and the widow needed a guardian, so Grand Duke Vytautas also became the guardian of the Grand Duchy of Moscow (Koncius 45). Most people did not know that Lithuania once had control of Moscow. It might be considered by someone as not as having happened. This has and can be disputed and is undecided, but the one fact is Vytautas was, at least, the "protector" of Moscow. Vytautas was "on a roll". In 1419, he beat Tatar Edyga and forced him to sign a treaty of peace that acknowledged Vytautas' rule. Later he attacked Pskov and gained territories around it. The Slavs, Tatars, and Muscovites openly acknowledged that the Lithuanians were more powerful than any of them at this period in time (Koncius 45). In fact, Lithuania might have been the strongest nation in Europe, except for France. France always had a strong army to back it in the Middle Ages. Lithuania was not only strong in the sense of military, but also economically. The cities of Vilnius, Kaunas, and Klapedia were economic centers of growth. Many Jewish merchants had settled there and established businesses. This importation of goods was need to supply the country and the soldiers with food and clothing. With this source of supplies, Lithuania was a definite scare. All of the other countries in Europe were "afraid" of an attack from Lithuania. There wouldn't be a force to stop them if they did. Vytautas wanted Zemaitija back. The Teutonic Knights reminded him of his agreement for peace. Vytautas did not need peace now; his country was more powerful than the Knights ever would be. Vytautas and Jogaila joined their armies together and attacked the Prussians. On the fourteenth of July in 1410, 45,000 Lithuanians and 15,000 Poles fought against 50,0000 Teutons (Koncius 51). In one day 20,000 Teutons died and 3,000 were taken prisoner (Koncius 53). Prussia surrendered immediately, but they would not officially give Zemaitija over until seven months later. Soon to follow, Queen Hedwig of Poland died which left Jogaila as the sole ruler of Poland. Many of the dukes tried to dethrone him. Vytautas heard about this and figured since Jogaila helped him with the Knights he would help him with this problem. He also wanted to keep a member of his family in rule so if Jogaila died Vytautas would be the King of Poland. The problem was shortly resolved and in 1424 Jogaila remarried. He married Sophia (of the Grand Duchy of Moscow) and they had a son, Wladyslaw. Meanwhile, To the south of Lithuania, Bohemia was having a problem. The Czechs and Hussites were having a disagreement on who should be their king. This problem still continues today in the former Czechoslovakia. Fortunately, during Vytautas' rule, they were able to come to a rational decision. They decided they would choose an outsider who would not favor either group. They chose Vytautas as the King of Bohemia (Koncius 65). So, Lithuania was now an enormous duchy and it had a Christian leader. Why did it not have the title of Kingdom? Vytautas had appealed to the Pope asking him for the title of King. In 1430, the Pope agreed to his request. The coronation date was set for September eighth, 1430. The Polish dukes learned of this and they did not want it. If Lithuania received the rank of kingdom, Poland might be "sucked in" and lose their nobility. They intercepted the envoy and stole the crowns and documents before they reached their destination (Koncius 72). Vytautas died on October twenty-seventh of that year. He died a powerful Grand Duke, but he would have rather died the weakest king. Vytautas was the most powerful Grand Duke of Lithuania. The Duchy was expanded to its largest size under his authority. He is regarded as a national hero and is considered as highly as George Washington or Abraham Lincoln. When Vytautas died the Duchy of Lithuania was left shattered, without a leader. One of Algirdas' sons, Svitrigaila stepped forward and took the throne. He declared himself Grand Duke without consulting Poland. Before Vytautas died he discussed with Jogaila and left the country to Jogaila's son. Jogaila's son was not old enough yet, but Jogaila did not fancy Svitrigaila in command. Jogaila would side with Zygimantas, Vytautas' brother, for the right to be Grand Duke. In 1432, Polish forces confronted Svitrigaila, except he fled to the eastern provinces of Lithuania. Zygimantas was selected the new Grand Duke of Lithuania, with Poland backing him. Svitrigaila was finally defeated and Lithuania was united once more. Not everyone preferred the way Zygimantas ran the government, because in 1440 he was assassinated (Koncius 80). Jogaila's son, Kazimieras (Casimir), was of age and would be the next leader of Lithuania. Casimir had a prosperous reign. For example, he married Austrian Princess Elizabeth and had several children who were well known. His son, Ladislaw became King of Hungary. Another son, Casimir, became the Patron Saint of Lithuania, and yet another son, Frederich, became the Cardinal of Gniezno and the Primate of Poland (Koncius 82). When Casimir died in 1492, his son, Aleksandras (Alexander), followed in his father's footsteps and was accepted as the Grand Duke. He was accepted by the Lithuanians, that is. The Polish dukes wanted a member of their nobility to be elected. The Lithuanians refused and broke off the alliance with Poland. The Polish alliance did not remain broken for long. Alexander's brother, John, was the King of Poland, but John died. Alexander was elected the new King of Poland (Koncius 84). Meanwhile, to the east of Lithuania, Czar Ivan III commenced attacking the eastern provinces. He gained a few at this time, but the Lithuanians would hold out against Russian domination for a couple hundred years more. Alexander's reign was not lengthy. After he died in 1506, his brother, Zygimantas II, was named the Grand Duke. In 1529, under the leadership of Zygimantas II, the first written code of law was formed. It came to be known as the Lithuanian Statute. These laws would govern the country until 1840 (Koncius 85). To add to things, in 1525, the Teutonic Knights were abolished. Their region became the Grand Duchy of Prussia (Koncius 86). The only people Lithuania had to worry about now were the Muscovites, Tatars, and their Russian force. Zygimantas II would not have to worry about them, though, because he would die in 1548. His son, Zygimantas Augustus III, became the Grand Duke after his father's death. Russia was continuing its battles with its neighbors. Moscow attacked the country of Livonia. Livonia requested assistance from Lithuania and in return they would give the Lithuanians control of their country. The Grand Duke agreed and sent troops to defend Livonia. They were victorious over Czar Ivan IV and, as the Livonians had promised, they became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Koncius 87). Also conducted by Zygimantas III, a treaty was drawn up between the two countries of Lithuania and Poland. In this agreement there would be one king in Warsaw. Another thing that they had was a Parliament elected of officials from both Poland and Lithuania. The only bad thing about this is that one veto could cancel any bill or idea proposed (Koncius 90). This would, later on, be the downfall of the country. When Zygimantas III died they needed to elect a new King for Polish-Lithuania. The Poles did not want a Lithuanian and the Lithuanians did not want a Pole. So, they did the only logical thing - they elected a Frenchman. His name was Henry Valois and is not even worth mentioning. Unfortunately, his reign was about a year long, from 1573 to 1574. When Charles IX of France died they offered Henry the position of King of France and he took it (Koncius 90). The dukes were left again to choose a neutral king. Their next choice was Stephen Batory. Stephen Batory was a Hungarian prince and he created public education in Lithuania. Elected by the Polish-Lithuanian dukes, this King's rule lasted for ten years instead of one. He supported education and invited the Jesuits to establish a school. Today, that school continues and is known as Vilnius University (Koncius 91). King Batory died in 1586, and the Polish-Lithuanian alliance named a member of the Gediminas family to be the next king. Once again, the family was back on the throne. Zygimantas Vaza II was his name. While his predecessor dealt with education, he focused on religion. He united the Orthodox and Catholic clergy in Lithuania so differences would be forgotten and religion would be united. While this was happening, the Virgin Mary appeared in the village of Siluva (Koncius 92). This was one of the earliest documented sightings of the Virgin Mary. Unfortunately, with the recent years of Soviet occupation they have oppressed and denied the sighting. Therefore, on several lists of sightings of the Virgin Mary (officially recognized by the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church) it will not appear. Today, there is a shrine built on the location of this event. At the time of the appearance, the people found this to be a sign meaning what Zygimantas was doing was true, so they supported his task in the religious change. Also, the Swedes were causing a conflict at this time. They attacked Lithuania to try and gain land. What they gained was a sixty year war which no one won (Koncius 93). The battles continued throughout the years until about 1632 when Zygimantas Vaza II died. After he died the dukes elected Zygimantas Vaza II 's son, Ladislaw Vaza, whose time period was filled with highs and lows for Lithuania. Ladislaw's reign as King was short, but he lead many successful battles against Moscow. When Ladislaw died his brother John Casimir succeeded him. Sadly, John Casimir ran Lithuania to the ground. In 1655, Russian armies invaded Lithuania and burned almost all of Vilnius (Koncius 94). Polish and Lithuanian armies finally drove the Muscovites out of the country. Casimir changed Lithuanian polices during his command. He broke off ties with Poland and signed a treaty with Sweden against Moscow. Soon after this treaty was signed, he abdicated the throne in 1669 and ran to France. When he left, Poland and Lithuania were allies again and they appointed Kaributas Visnioveckis as their next king. It was not easy for him to rule. The constant wars that Poland and Lithuania had fought left the countries nearly bankrupt. John Casimir had left the country in a state from which it would never recover. Things were just too hard for Kaributas to fix. At the end of his reign, five years later, Kaributas would not have accomplished much to save his nation. Poland elected John Sobieski as their next leader. His reign lasted about twenty years, from 1674 to 1696. The only thing accomplished by this leader is that he drove off the Turks who were attacking Lithuanian provinces. Augustus II of Saxony, with his weak policies, was the next head of the two countries. Over the years Lithuania had declined to be one of the poorest nations in Europe. From 1706 to 1711 a terrible famine covered Poland and Lithuania (Koncius 99). Thousands of people faced this death. Meanwhile, Moscow was getting stronger. The Russians annexed Sweden and Livonia into their country. Finally, in 1733, Moscow was in control and dictated the election of Augustus III to the throne of Lithuania. Augustus was forced to obey all of the Russian Ambassador's orders (Koncius 99). This was the start of a "puppet" government in Lithuania run by Moscow. Stanislaw Poniatowski II was the next appointed official Moscow chose to run Lithuania. His appointment was in 1764 and would last until 1795. During this time all the orders directly came from Moscow (Koncius 100). He tried to get on Catherine the Great's good side so she would not place harsh conditions on Lithuania. When Stanislaw died it would be the end of freedom in Lithuania for the next 200 years. The Lithuanians would try a few rebellions, but none would be successful. By 1795, all of Lithuania would be under Russian rule. Everything from the government to Vilnius University was under their power. Later, after things had settled, life under the rule of Czar Alexander I (1801-1825) was not rough. In 1812, Napoleon traveled through Lithuania and Poland on his march to "conquer" Russia. The people saw this as a chance to regain their independence. Poland and Lithuania formed an alliance against Russia. When Napoleon lost, Czar Alexander took hard control of Lithuania. He was good to these people and they had commited treason against him. For the rest of his rule Lithuania was pounded on by Russian forces. For example, the Lithuanian language was banned. Any book with the Latin Alphabet was to be burned. Religions were considered illegal, though they were allowed to practice in small numbers. Some Lithuanians moved to Prussia and kept the Lithuanian language and literature alive (Koncius 108). Meanwhile, in 1861, serfdom was abolished in Russia, which triggered a mass immigration to the United States and other nearby European countries (Koncius 111). This migration continued up until World War I. On February sixteenth of 1918, Lithuania declared its independence. Estonia and Latvia were to soon follow that same year. The Russians and Germans and the rest of the world were too busy to notice what the countries had done. It was not until Stalin came along that the Russians noticed they had lost something. In 1940, Stalin re-annexed the countries back into Russia. In that year he deported over 40,000 people to Siberia (Koncius 129). There, they were beaten, enslaved, and killed. One person, Feleicije Rimkute, describes how bad the situation was. They took my sister from our town because our father was the mayor. They took all the officials so no one could tell us what to do. They took my sister, her husband, and their two sons. In 1941 they were sent to Siberia on a train. They never came back. When they arrived in Siberia her husband was separated from her and the family and was never seen again. No food was given to them at all. They were starving and the children kept crying that they were hungry. So, she breast fed them because that was the only food they had. After a while she, herself, was so malnurished that she was only feeding them her blood. The children died and my sister followed a year later. In 1941, Hitler attacked Russia and took the Baltic States along with it. He stopped the mass killing of the Balts. It is ironic that with all the people Hitler and his troops killed, he "saved" a lot of people from being killed. It did not matter though because three years later the Soviets would gain control of the states and the killing of people would start all over again. When the Soviets took control the idea of collective farming was introduced. Land was taken from the people and the government had control of it. The Balts revolted in minor ways. They ended up creating more trouble. From 1945 to 1955, over 200,000 were exiled to Siberia (Koncius 131). The Soviet occupation would remain intact for several years more. Finally, the killing stopped. In 1989, any survivors that remained in Siberia were allowed to return home. These people returned home for the first time in thirty years. They did not realize that they would come home to many changes. Religion was banned throughout the country. The Soviets approved of a few churches, but most were converted into museums and warehouses. The people were forced to practice their religion inside of their homes out of government eyes. All holidays, except Soviet approved ones, were banned. Christmas, Easter, and any other religious holiday were out of the question. If a birthday fell on that of a banned holiday they were not allowed to celebrate it (Ramonis 56). The thing that had changed the most was nationalism. One would expect that the nationalism had declined through the years of oppression, but it was the opposite. The people wanted freedom. They wanted an independent Lithuania. Later, in1989, Gorbachev became the new ruler. Catastrophic changes were about to transpire and the Lithuanians were ready for them. On March eleventh of 1990, the Lithuanian Parliament declared independence from the Soviet Union. This nationalism movement was led by a man named Vytautas Landsbergis. President Gorbachev said it was legal for them to do that, but they would have to follow the Soviet Constitution's law on succeeding. Landsbergis rejected the thought. In order for them to follow the Constitution they would have to admit that they were part of the Soviet Union. They were forcibly annexed in the 1940's by Stalin, but they did not declare themselves actual members ("Lithuanian Seeks"). In April of 1990, Moscow hit the country of Lithuania hard. They imposed a harsh embargo ("Lithuanian Embargo"). All oil and gas supplies were stopped. The Lithuanians were forced to live with the dwindling reserve supplies they had collected over the months. Transportation and business routes between Lithuania and Russia were closed and guarded ("Lithuanian Gas"). The Lithuanians persevered and survived the embargo. When people heard that Lithuania needed help, the loyal Lithuanians deserted the Soviet Red Army and fled to Lithuania. There, they joined local militia groups to fight for their country. Moscow threatened that if they found anyone who deserted they would make sure they would be criminally tried to the full extent of the law (Associated Press). Tension mounted, Red soldiers moved into the city of Vilnius, on April eighteenth of 1990. They occupied a printing plant and several schools. The Lithuanian Parliament went into action after learning of this. They passed a law saying if soldiers were caught illegally occupying a building, they would be arrested. The Soviets did not respond (Schodolski 1). On January thirteenth of 1991, Soviet paratroopers started entering the town of Vilnius heading for the center. The people knew right where the soldiers were heading. For the past month the local television station had been passing democratic ideas out to the public and the Russians knew this had to be stopped. On that day fourteen unarmed civilians died protecting that television and radio tower. Over 500 were wounded in the incident (Ramonis 66). The day would be recorded as Bloody Sunday in the Lithuanian record books. A week later the same thing happened in the Latvian capital Riga. Five people were slaughtered there defending their communications tower. Even though these acts killed people, it did not kill ideas. The Balts would still continue their struggle for freedom. Meanwhile, the whole time this was happening all of the world's eyes turned towards the United States of America to see what kind of response was taking place. Well, with Bush leading the country, nothing took place. Many people criticized Bush for his weak policy regarding Lithuania. They said he should have sent supplies, or at least an ambassador over there to welcome the new democratic nation. On the other hand, Bush did a very wise thing by doing nothing. The Bush administration was afraid of starting a conflict between the two superpowers, so therefore the United States did not get involved with the Lithuanian conflict. On July thirtieth of 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia. This ended Soviet rule of Russia. Lithuania, along with several other nations, declared their freedom and finally seceded. The 200-year struggle with Russia was finally over and the Baltic Nations gained their independence. Today Lithuania is a strong country being run by a president and Parliament. Their first president was Landisbergis, the revolutionary leader. Their second president was, ironically, a communist. Their current president of 1998 is Valdas Adamkus. He is a former United States citizen. He previously worked for 29 years at the Environmental Protection Agency (Deane 12A). His first "pressing item of importance" is to build a golf course in Lithuania. Its politics are massively different from that of the previous rule. They support freedom and religion. Its trade and travel are increasing every day. Its major seaport, Klaipeda, has always been sought by the Russians for a naval base, but the new government uses it strictly for trade and enjoyment. Its trade and travelers are increasing every day. The customs and travel have not been harsh since the Soviet borders were withdrawn. On the other hand, the new Russia is still reluctant on giving visas to enter the country. The Lithuanian economy is the strongest it has ever been. During its early years during its Grand Duchy many Jewish merchants had settled in the major cities and provided imports. These Jewish merchants are still there and are playing a big role in the economy. Over 12,000 Jews live in Lithuania today (Bumblauskas). The main export of Lithuania is fine amber from the Baltic coast. They are also known for their fine, woven linen. During the Grand Duchy there were two types of Lithuanian coinage. They were called dinarai and skatikai (Koncius 75). Their currency today is called the Lita. One U.S. Dollar equals 3.8 Litas. Religion is still a major part of the Lithuanian lifestyle, even though it was oppressed by the Soviets. The leading religion in Lithuania is Catholicism with 630 communities being mainly Catholic (Bumblauskas). Surprisingly, the second religion is Old Beliefs (Pagan), with Orthodox at a close third (Bumblauskas). Their Pagan religion is recognized for their common dream interpretations that are still performed today. The government is quite free with freedom of religion in Lithuania. The total area of Lithuania is 65.2 square kilometers. It is the geographical center of Europe. The entire population of the country is 3,723,000 people. That makes the population density 57.1 per square kilometer. 592,000 people live in Vilnius, 429,700 people live in Kaunas, and 206,200 people live in Klaipeda. Ironically, these are the major cities and 68.5 percent of the population lives in cities (Bumblauskas). Lithuania has done very well in sports over the past few years while it has been free. Their Olympic basketball team has placed third at two Olympics. That is pretty good, considering that they were a new nation. The best thing the Lithuanians are known for is their ancient language. It is the closest known language to Sanskrit still spoken today. In fact it is the closest to Hittite, Ancient Greek, and Sanskrit (Bumblauskas). The Prussian Language was the closest, but it is a dead language. Latvian is the next closest to Lithuanian and is very similar to it. Quoting French Linguist A. Meillet, "The one who wants to know the way our ancestors spoke, should come and listen to how a Lithuanian peasant speaks" (qtd. in Bumblauskas). The Lithuanian language was a nonwritten language until a little while ago. Lithuanian then adapted the Latin Alphabet to fit its needs, sounding out the words in Latin letters. In 1547, the first Lithuanian book was written and published. It was a Lutheran Catechism book written for the "thousands" of Lutherans in Lithuania. All the facts presented in this report are only a small history of the Baltic Crusade. The main points such as government, religion, and the economy have been discussed, but many details including public education, people's social experiences, and agriculture have all been left out. Lithuania is an ancient land and has had numerous changes. It would be impossible to describe them all. Overall, though, if one would compare the way of life of an ancient Lithuanian to a modern one many comparisons and similarities would be found. Lithuania was once a "grand" place in the past, does this mean it could be one again? Their stubbornness and persistence was demonstrated through their Pagan beliefs, their resistance to Stalin, and their opposition to communism. Could this same determination lead the world in the millenniums to come? Maybe their history hasn't even begun yet. Works Cited Associated Press. "Soviet Red Army Deserters Beaten". (Newspaper unknown) 27 March 1990. Bumblauskas, Alfredos. Lietuva Lithuania. Vilnius: Lietuvos fotomenininku sajungos fondas, 1992. Deane, Daniela. "Home to the Presidency." USA Today 6 January 1998: 12A. Koncius, Dr. Joseph B. History of Lithuania. Chicago, IL: Lithuania Catholic Press, NA. "Lithuanian Embargo". Chicago Tribune 20 April 1990: NP. "Lithuania Gets Gas and Oil Supplies Cut". Chicago Tribune 19 April 1990: NP. "Lithuania Seeks Independence". Daily Review Atlas 20 March 1990: NP. Ramonis, Val. Baltic States vs. the Russian Empire. Lemont, IL: Baltech Publishing, 1991. Rimkute, Felicije. Personal interview. 18 July 1997. Schodolski, Vincent J. "Kremlin firm: Repeal Decree on Independence." Chicago Tribune 18 May, 1990: 1. Outline Thesis: A country such as Lithuania had to go through several centuries of success and hardship to evolve into the current economical, governmental, and religious condition it holds today. I. Baltic States A. "tiny" Baltic states is a misconception 1. Compared to US, Russia, etc. it is small 2. Compared to Luxembourg, Rwanda, etc. it is large B. The Baltic nations were once the largest country C. Majority of the people have never head of Lithuania D. Immense size of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Baltic to Black Sea) E. Impossible to understand everything about Lithuania F. "Minuscule overview" of the Baltic Evolution G. Restate Thesis (preface) II. Overview of history of entire region A. Asian settlers 1. 2000 B.C 2. Sailed up Dniepr River B. Names of the current countries 1. Poland-Prussia 2. Lithuania 3. Southwest Estonia 4. Latvia-Estonia 5. North Byelorussia 6. East Russia-Grand Duchy of Muscovy III. Overview of religion in this entire area A. Pagan religion B. Shrines were built for deities C. People lived a quiet life with their religion D. Everyone else in Europe became Christians E. Teutonic Knights came and started the Baltic crusade IV. The history of Lithuania A. Accurate records were not kept until 1000 A.D. B. Religion 1. Pagans lived in Lithuania until 1100 A.D. 2. Everyone else in Europe was Christian and they didn't want pagans C. Lithuania was attacked 1. First time 1202 by the Knights of the Sword 2. 1230 by the Teutonic Knights D. King Mindaugas 1. Promised to become Christian if the attacks would stop 2. 1251 Baptized along with wife-Martha and 2 sons, Ruklys & Rupeikis 3. 1252 crowned King of Lithuania 4. He gave the Zemaitija to Teutons 5. Annexed parts of Russia-people glad, they hated Tartars 6. 1259 Zemaicai rebelled against Knights and gained their freedom 7. They killed Mindaugas and his family in 1263 E. Traidenis 1. Duke of Kernova (elected by other dukes) 2. He expanded into Russia and Poland F. Vytenis 1. Became Grand Duke in 1295 2. 1298 fought the Livonian Knights 3. Stopped Teuton invasion into Zemaitija G. Gediminas 1. Formed Pole-Lithuanian alliance with Polish King Ladislaw 2. Stopped Teuton invasions for a while 3. Extended territories to Vitebsk, Podolsk, Pskov, Tver 4. Rex Lithuanorum et multorum Ruthenorum 5. Chose Vilnius as capital in 1323 by a dream interpretation 6. Promoted freedom of religion and free trade H. Algirdas 1. 1341- Gediminas died- Lithuania divided amongst 7 sons 2. Jaunutis (1341-1345)younger son was given Vilnius 3. Oldest son, Algirdas, given Kreve and Vitebsk 4. Algirdas and brother Kestutis dethroned Jaunutis "unfit ruler" 5. Algirdas became Grand Duke 6. Kestutis ruled west and south territories 7. Algirdas annexed Kiev, Chernigov, Biansk, and Podolsk 8. Went for Moscow. Didn't get it but peace treaty was signed 9. Married 2 orthodox women 10. Pontiffs tried to convert Algirdas with no luck 11. he died in 1377 I. Kestutis 1. Fought Teutons 2. 1361 Kestutis captured-taken to Marienburg 3. He escaped 4. He angered the Teutons greatly 5. 1362 attacks Lithuanians and captured Kaunas area 6. 1365 he destroyed 3 important forts of the Teutons 7. 1370-1372 many battles occurred 8. 1372 Teutonic K.,Livonian K.,Austria,Bauria,Poland,Lux. attacked Lit. 9. 1375 Masovia joined the Lithuanians (through a marriage) 10. Meanwhile, Kestutis attacked Teutons and Knights of the Sword 11. 1377 Vytautas, Kestutis' son, invaded Prussia and burned to Isrutis 12. It was comparable to Sherman's march in the Civil War 13. 1379 Teutonic Knights and Lithuania signed a peace treaty J. Jogaila 1. Teutons tried to turn Jogaila against his uncle, Kestutis 2. The Knights threatened him, so he agreed 3. The two groups made a treaty 4. The Knights invaded Kestutis' territory 5. Kestutis suspected the alliance 6. Kestutis and Jogaila battled 7. Big battle with Teutons,Livonians,and Jogaila vs. Kestutis and Vytautas 8. Kestutis and Vytautas were tricked and captured 9. Kestutis was killed on August 15, 1382 K. Vytautas (the Great) 1. Vytautas was still a prisoner in the Teuton fort 2. Vytautas was gravely ill so they let his wife and maid come to visit 3. The maid and Vytautas switched clothing and he escaped 4. Vytautas went to Teutons and asked to be allies 5. October 21, 1383 Vytautas was baptized 6. Vytautas invited Teutons to dinner and took them all hostage 7. Pole-Lithuanian alliance between Queen Hedwig and Jogaila (married) 8. Jogaila baptized on February 15, 1386 9. March 4th he became the King of Poland 10. Vytautas' daughter married Moscow Prince on January 21, 1391 11. Jogaila was outraged and dethroned dukes 12. Vytautas went to Teutons for help and gave his family as insurance 13. 40,000 men fought against Poland 14. 1392 Poland surrendered 15. They celebrated and took Teutons hostage 16. 1392 Vytautas became the Grand Duke 17. He became a good economical and political leader 18. 1398 gave Zemaitija region to Teutonic Knights for peace 19. Aug. 12, 1399 Vytautas attacked Russians and lost, no land lost 20. 1419 Vytautas beat Tartar Edyga and temporary peace was made 21. Lithuanians were extremely powerful 22. Vytautas attacked Pskov and captured some territories 23. Vasilii died and he became the protector of Moscow 24. Livonians took Pskov in 1408 25. Vytautas wanted the Zemaitija area back 26. 45,000 Lugans and 15,000 Poles entered Prussia 27. 14 July 1410 they fought against 50,000 Teutons 28. 20,000 Teutonic Knights died and 3,000 were prisoners, Prussia gave 29. February 1, 1411 a treaty was signed to give the land back 30. Queen Hedwig died and the Polish nobles wanted Jogaila out 31. 1424 Sophia and Jogaila had a son--Wladyslaw 32. Vytautas gained the throne of Bohemia because of a conflict there 33. The Kingdom coronation was set for September 8, 1430 34. The Polish nobles intercepted the envoy 35. Vytautas died on October 27, 1430 and was not a King L. Svitrigaila 1. Jogaila's younger brother, he gained throne in 1430 2. He was elected Grand Duke without consulting Poland 3. Svitrigaila fled to East provinces and split the country in 2 4. Zygimantas, Vytautas' brother, became Grand Duke 1432 M. Zygimantas 1. Lithuania and Poland's armies defeated Svitrigaila 2. 1440 Zygimantas was assassinated N. Casimir 1. Jogaila was his father 2. He married Austrian Princess Elizabeth 3. Son-Ladislaw, King of Hungary 4. Son-Alexander, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Poland 5. Son-Frederich, Cardinal of Gniezno and Primate of Poland 6. Son-Kazimieras, St. Casimir, Patron St. of Lithuania O. Alexander 1. He broke the Polish-Lithuanian alliance 2. His brother John was the King of Poland 3. 1500 Czar Ivan III started attacking the east provinces 4. King John of Poland died and Alexander was elected their King P. Zygimantas II 1. The son of Casimir, he became the Grand Duke in 1506 2. Teutonic Knights disbanded in 1525 and land became Duchy of Prussia 3. Zygimantas had several wars against Moscow 4. He made the first written code of laws for Lithuania 5. The first Lithuanian book was printed in 1547-Luthern Catechism book Q. Zygimantas Augustus III 1. Grand Duke and King of Poland 2. Made more written laws which were enforced until 1840 3. Moscow was still attacking Lithuania 4. Lithuania aided Livonia against Moscow and Livonia joined the Lugans 5. Ivan IV attacked, but was beaten 6. The Polish-Lithuanian Alliance was enforced again 7. They made a Parliament, but 1 veto would cancel any bill R. Henry Valois 1. He was a Frenchman 2. When Louis IX died he went to France to take the position there S. Stephen Batory 1. Hungarian Prince 2. He beat Ivan IV in another battle with Moscow 3. He let the Jesuits found Vilnius University T. Zygimantas Vaza II 1. His policies untied the Orthodox and Catholic religions 2. The Virgin Mary appeared in Siluva 3. Sweden attacked Lithuania but lost the battle 4. Sweden carried out a war against Lithuania for 60 years U. Ladislaw Vaza 1. He fought a war against Russia 2. Short reign V. John Casimir 1. 1655 Vilnius was burned by Moscow 2. The Polish-Lithuanian armies were able to drive out the Muscovites 3. Lithuania then broke off ties with Poland 4. Next, John Casimir signed an alliance with Sweden 5. John Casimir abdicated the throne W. Kaributas Visnioveckis 1. He was to deal with the problems left behind by John Casimir 2. Short reign X. John Sobieski 1. He was elected by Poland 2. Short reign Y. August II 1. Lithuania, Poland, and Moscow teamed up to fight against Sweden 2. Moscow took control of Sweden 3. A great famine occurred between 1706-1711 and killed hundreds Z. Augustus III 1. His election was dictated by Moscow since Poland was their land 2. Augustus had to obey all the Russian ambassador's orders AA. Stanislaw Poniatowski II 1. He tried to get on Catherine the Great's good side 2. All Stanislaw's orders came directly from Moscow V. Current information on Lithuania A. They Lugans rebelled against Moscow without any luck B. By 1795 they were under firm Moscow control 1. University 2. Czar Alexander I (1801-1825) was a good ruler C. Napoleon marched through Lithuania in 1812 to attack Russia 1. Polish-Lithuanian alliance formed 2. Napoleon lost and Russia took control of Baltic area again D. Banned all Lithuanian literature E. 1861 serfdom was abolished F. WWI 1. 1918 a. Feb. 16 Lithuanians declared independence b. Feb. 24 Estonia declared independence c. Nov. 18 Latvia declared independence 2. Germans left the area 3. Lithuanians stopped the Russians from returning and signed a treaty 4. June of 1940 Soviets annexed the Baltic states G. Stalin 1. 1940 - 40,000 people were deported to Siberia 2. An Eyewitness describes the awful condition of Siberia 3. Hitler attacked Russians and controlled the Baltic states 4. 1944 it was Soviet occupation 5. Collective farming was introduced 6. 1945-1955 200,000 people were exiled to Siberia H. Later years of Soviet occupation 1. 1988-1989 Most people (still alive) in Siberia were allowed to return 2. No holidays except Soviet ones could be celebrated 3. 1989 there was a big change when Gorbachev gained power 4. Jan. 13, 1991 "Bloody Sunday" when soviets attacked the TV tower a. 14 civilians were killed b. 500 were wounded 5. One week later the Soviets did the same thing in Latvia (Riga) I. 3-11-90 Lithuanian Parliament declared independence 1. Vytautas Landisbergis led the freedom movement 2. Lithuanian's did not accept annexation in order for freedom J. President Bush in the U.S. did nothing for Lithuania's freedom K. July 30, 1991 Boris Yeltsin was elected President of Russia 1. Baltic states and many other areas were free 2. Soviet Union didn't exist anymore L. President and Parliament ruled Lithuania 1. The third president of Lithuania is Adamkus 2. He worked in USA at the EPA for 29 years M. Lithuania is trying to get into NATO and the European Union N. Trade is increasing in Lithuania O. Economy (Imports and Exports) 1. The different kinds of coinage in Lithuania 2. 4 Lita equals 1 dollar P. Religion in current day Lithuania Q. Area and Population 1. The area is 65.2 Km squared 2. The population is 3.723 Million 3. The population density is 57.1 per Km squared R. Sports and recreation are increasing in Lithuania S. They have and ancient language that is still spoken today VI. Conclusion A. All of the facts in this report are only a small portion of the history of Lithuania B. Many details have been left out C. Thesis llar P. 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